Sectionalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sectionalism - Essay Example They had plantations. These were large family farms that produced tobacco and cotton that relied on cheap labor in the form of slaves which was actually intensified as economic sectionalism grew stronger as well. Both North and South sections tried to have representatives in Congress for them to have the power to pass laws that would benefit their sections. Both wanted to have equal States rights and reasonable government tax on imports or exports. The West was also a section but was not part of the sectional conflict between North and South. However, the presence of the West aggravated their conflict as both sections fought to control the West. The people then moved westward and settled there, of course with the additional struggles faced with the first Indian settlers. They saw the west as an "open land", a free land where new opportunities awaited. As more people moved into the west, they realized how potential the land was which then showed the American development. The presence of fertile soil and flat lands attracted the farmers to Great Plains. The discovery of gold and animals rushed in miners and hunters. The people started to acknowledge that additional development to the land could provide them with lots of money. The settlers then slowly started to develop the land and made it prosperous that appealed to investors. The complexity of city life eventually became simple as people tried to embrace the new culture and economy of the West. There were traders, ranchers, miners and farmers that eventually boost the West economy. The opening of the West was indeed an avenue where people started to have hope, rights and duties in expanding and owning a free land. The opening of the West slowly neutralized the sectional conflict between the North and the South. Slavery, one of the four main issues starts to find its voice and freedom. Slavery was believed to be a sectional trait and since the west did not acknowledge this, slaves were not anymore half-free nor half-slave. They can also enjoy what a free man can. No racial discrimination. Black Americans can as well live and work freely with white Americans. Representation, second issue, the North and South as mentioned above seek representatives that will speak on their behalf and propose laws that will benefit their own sections. This is not the case with the West, as people continue to possess economic power, political power arises as well. As new settlers realized their independency in trading, managing and controlling of their new lands, it was also the beginning of intolerance to the government, the individualism of the people. We are to see here that economic opportunities slowly closed the gap caused by sectionalism; however, it also opened to individualism. Individualism in America has allowed a laxity in regard to governmental affairs which has rendered possible the spoils system and all the manifest evils that follow from the lack of a highly developed civic spirit (Turner). An individualism which made the government out of its function due to the immense success of the West economy that encouraged the people to rule the land expecting limited participation from the government. The individualism made them neglectful on their duties and responsibilities as citizens of America. Looking closely to it, the individualism of the West is as worse as sectionalism. Sectionalism only thinks of its own section while individualism only thinks

Issues in global economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Issues in global economy - Essay Example . Doctrine of invisible hand as also reflected in the thought of Adam smith mainly talked about the power of market economy over the state governing economy. He spoke about market mechanism that ultimately leads to the equilibrium. Any gap between demand and supply will be automatically adjusted through the mechanism of market. The role of government here is nothing but to facilitate the process.   Breaking of Soviet Union in the 20th century strengthens this thought of ‘power of market over state’. This thought was the founding stone of today’s globalization and global economy. However the economists and the historian thought that there are many factors those facilitated the process of globalization. According to them, in 19th and 20th century many countries across the world faced the European imperialism that first makes them known about the world economy. Besides this the period saw a rapid development of sophisticated technologies that was never seen before. Rising of machine gradually cleared the new methods of reaping more profit. All this factors was seeking a process through which they could merge for functioning global economics, trade and politics. The stage was prepared for processing of the global issues through the hand of the ‘process of globalization’. With respect to recent period there emerge some more aspects that control and assist the globalization process more rapidly. Today the progresses of international trade are mostly dependent on international commercial agreements such as FTTA, CAFTA, NAFTA etc. Such agreements have opened the door to the northern export and give more opportunities to the developing nations. Nowadays the export processing zones operate as productive vicinities for overseas ventures, investments and employments. These zones are playing their role in many ways to support the economies by

Advertising Revenue In Print Media

Advertising Revenue In Print Media When discussing the advertising as a revenue tool for the investments in the print press industry, we must have a deep look in the advertising industry and all the forces that forms the market and drive the investors to invest their capitals in the print press industry and the revenue is one of the factors which attract investors to access the market with high expectations for a great rate of revenues for their investments. Around the world, the Print Press industry is growing as a source of information and knowledge in the life. The Print Press organization is considered a corporation for good investments and good revenues. The unique factor about the Print Press is that the unlimited source of finance and funds based on the values of the suppliers, the advertising is one of the most popular forces in the Print Press industry which give it good revenue for the business. Therefore, the Print Press allows the high risk investors to transfer their investments into a high revenue market with excellent profits and exchange rates for the stockholders. The press industry is an effective element in the markets and in the daily life of all countries and people. In the researches there have been indicators to tell the benefits of the advertising revenues for any type of industry, the newspapers and magazines are publications containing news, information, and advertising. General newspapers have articles about political events, crime, business, art, entertainment, society, and sports. The traditional newspapers contain columns expressing the personal opinions of writers, with sections for advertising and comics. In 1990s, the availability of news via 24 hours TV channels and the Internet posed an ongoing challenge, while the advertising revenue makes up the bulk of most newspapers income which has been shifting from Print Press to digital media, and result a big decline in profits. A large number of newspapers and magazines worldwide had launched their online versions in order to follow ahead or stay with audiences. The cheaper print press increased literacy with growing in the emerging of electronic media and the newspapers are continued to grow. The main revenues for the Print Press come from advertising, the contribution from sales; the newspapers generate more than 80% of revenues through the advertising activities, and the remaining revenues from the sales. When there are no advertising, it is called editorial contents, which means the articles in the newspapers and its guests or writers when they express their opinions. The newspapers have many traditional advertisers, and there are many different channels for these advertising to come to the newspapers, by direct request, or agencies. Due to the press industry consolidation, the advertisements are much less to give the required revenues, and the newspapers are seeing these advertising shifting to the new media platform. The categories of advertisements are shifting into many types of digital websites, auto sites, and TV channels. With the new technology in our lives, the advertising media are varied and include the internet websites, rich media platforms and mobile networks. Recently the advertisement industry is mostly recognized as opposite editorial contents which pay a fee to be included in the newspapers. The advertisers include their products or techniques such as new design for advertising, and promotions for the customers. It is usually closer to the press release than the objectives of newspapers story. Introduction Advertising process is a form of communications which include the product name or the service name and how could they be benefit for the consumers. That process is often attempt to affect the potential purchase behaviors of customers towards a particular products and services. With the variety of advertising methods and types, the modern marketing and the use of information technology is affecting the purchasing decisions made by customers and lead the market forces to make some revenues for the producers. The main targets of commercial advertising are to increase the rates of consumptions of their products and services, which will increase the advertising revenues for the producers, and enhance the image of the products and services in the market to encourage the customers for more consumption. There are several elements and factors influence the advertising procedures and trends in the market. The different types of media in advertising could be used to deliver the advertising message to the customers; this message includes the image and benefits of the products and services. Traditional media of advertising may be placed by agencies on behalf of the companies or the organizations. Many organizations spent a specific amount of money on advertising and promotion items other than the consumed items or services which could include third party in the advertising or interest groups with targets of controlling the market trends towards their benefits. The money which is spent is indicating the size of the advertising industry and the revenues of them throughout the Print Press. The advertising communication is used to influence the individuals to purchase a specific product or service, or support a political ideas, it could be displayed on newspapers, magazines, and other digital types of advertising. According to a study by Booz Company, thanks to the bold steps taken to promote innovation and efficient management of more aggressive cost on the basis of the success of new strategies, media organizations may be able to prepare a better future. There are two major powers reducing the profits of the print media. The first is the continuous change in the areas of expenditure which marketers focus away from the paid advertisements in favor of other priorities advertisements from outside the budget, what would be a major amount of marketing expenditures when the economy recovers. The second orientation, which toppled the long-term profitability of publications, it is the birth of digital media. Literature Review Literature Strategy In the study, there are some important concepts to put in concern with all the other principles of the advertising researches, these concepts are related to the literature review of the Print Press. Starting from the first step of planning to plan for the study, then starting to plan the research and beginning to collect information for the study, all these steps and phases required for the literature caring and planning. The study of effects of advertising on the revenues of the print press industry is involving with all the strategic decisions and marketing plans for the most benefits of the advertising. This study will be more effective with help of the marketing researches and activities too. Only the start which is considered a critical phase to decide the segment of customer who the message from the advertisements are going to be focused on, and the researches will indicate the effects of the advertising as whole on the print press and all types of media. Generally, it could be relatively related to few of the newspapers which have revenues under certain amount of money, and use the responsible departments for performing these researches to increase the income for the newspapers. However, a variety of elements and factors are affecting the size of advertisements in a newspaper than another. Among some studies and researches, we have to introduce some unique services and products in order to attract the consumers and readers to purchase the products or use the service that will increase the size of advertising and the benefits for the newspaper from these advertisements. So, the strategy for literature marketing researches must be aware of most of the factors for the market forces, and the other effective elements for perfect planning and introducing the best plan of advertising revenues. The availability of marketing solutions to enable the media to focus on the broader marketing budget, with a bigger share of the budget information paid. And provides research networks and paid advertising is an effective way at the level of cost for marketers to guide the public about their methods of electronic marketing of certain goods. The building offers a wider range of solutions for marketers an opportunity for media organizations to compete more according to their own laws with research networks and advertising. They can strengthen the relationship with the more committed audience, and thus to get deeper information for the conduct of the consumer, and enhance their level of development of the content up to consumers and serve their interests. The publishers also have the opportunity to attract spending marketed through paid advertisements in the media to help marketers build their brands, through marketing solutions that help marketers build and electronic means for the mar keting of certain goods of their own. Advertising Industry In the advertising industry, all the managements of the print press are working together so that they can manage a strong strategy for the increase of the size of advertisements in the newspaper, the design of the advertising and the contents of the advertising are going to be determined by a shared members of both sides the newspapers and the producers. Customers trends are changing and the advertising message should meet these changes and encourage the customers to head towards these products or services in order to encourage the producer to advertise again and again. The actions by customers towards specific advertising are going to determine the ability to make the advertising again or stop it and change to another media, besides the message contents and the products brands or the services quality all these elements are going to affect the size of advertisements in a newspaper. Advertisers need to advertise their products and services to others to establish relations of reciprocity, mutual interests, and mutual benefit, the form and manner that is consistent with the nature of the times, and by relying on a Bellman, who was dispatched from the rulers of the kings and princes, who was wandering around the market brings people around the drum to tell them his message, and resorted to this activity class referees calls that have been used to deliver orders and decisions to the masses and to determine their approach to the authorities in order to achieve the Governor demands of them, the traders hire roaming the streets calling for advertisers on the arrival of ships and goods. Within the tenth century AD became advocates widespread phenomenon in many European cities. These traders were hired to guide customers to their stores and give them an idea of the prices of goods and the store, as well as trade and economic activity back on the market, which was working hard as he could to attract people to his merchandise and tell them their advantages and disadvantages, and hide the stock extent possible so that people deny it, that is publicity in the beginning took the form of oral audio. In the view of most historians that the external signs on the shops are the first forms of advertising, he has used the Babylonians, who lived in what is now Iraq for signs of such propaganda to their stores since 3000 BC. Advertising Plan The main strategy for advertising is the strong marketing plan for the print press organization or the newspapers and magazines. With a strong marketing position and good marketing team, the newspaper will be able to attract many advertisers in order to put their advertisements in the newspaper. The current researches are targeting the description of the advertising method or the advertising plan, but the deep looking here is about advertising campaign which will lead to excellent revenues for the producers and the newspaper. Starting with this point, the current researches aim to contribute a descriptive study of the situation of the print press sector, by describing the advertising portfolio of each of the firms in the sector, and looking at the changes the companies have made in recent years. Thus, these researches are adopting the product image as its unit of analysis from which to analyse the sectors situation and the trends in its evolution. Integrated advertising plan is the key to success and should include market research, customer groups that targeted by competition, positioning, product or service they sell, pricing, and marketing. Begin advertising and planning, advertising effective current information about the market. Study the ads of other projects in community, and consult with any professional associations related, help us with this interactive tool to assess the strengths and weak advertising. Pricing Strategy It is most important factor affecting the advertising size in a newspaper, when they set the pricing for advertisements they must be careful and consider the market with competition and set the acceptable range of prices which will be accepted by the advertiser. The strategy for pricing the advertising products and services depend on different segments and channels for the evaluation of the changes in the market. These changes might need to be affecting the prices and also gain more segments form the market. The prices are very effective in advertising and the size of advertising in the print press, the changes in the market will lead to changes in the organization strategy and pricing strategy to be more flexible in order to meet the needs of both customers and producers. When the producer is known with all the prices of the market, he will be considered with the size of the advertising and the content of the message he want to deliver to customers, it will indicate the ability to take the advertising or delay the advertising for another time. The researches distinguished between different pricing strategies, such as high promoter and low promoter organizations, without relying on product differentiation considerations. A segmented switcher perspective enables us to resolve some varied results found in previous models. There is one way available to the printed media in order to cope with their own business models for success in marketing the new digital environment, and through four strategies as a minimum: Deepen relations with readers on the target areas of concern. Focus on the flow of revenue outside the framework of marketing and trading. Redesign of the content delivery model (with a special focus on reducing costs) and the emphasis on content-profit article written for the unique and reflect the brand. Innovation of new products and pricing models. Marketers are aware that the leading force in the launch of digital media to communicate with consumers. And spend the companies that offer e-marketing offers for certain goods such as blogs and mobile applications more money on these offers, compared with other digital ads. And often are designed electronic means marketing of certain goods to attract registered users. The media printed a special relationship with its readers who trust the content of publications and appreciate its credibility. The sites of high-quality e-enable the printed media to develop a close relationship with its readers: consumers become more committed and willing to recording and exchange of personal data for the meeting offers for them. The challenge of media organizations on how to increase offers new content and consumer-oriented, without the added costs beyond to create content and difficulty of operational income scalability that can be achieved. I tried some media organizations to enhance the value of online advertising for the brand by directing them towards the target groups of the public. In the coming years, there will production for the majority of revenue in the digital media for advertising and sponsorship. However, the increase of income by the name of the registered user may play a vital role in creating flows of income and achieve an overall growth of vinegar faster. And media organizations can continue to pursue these sources of revenue in the digital arena with the recognition that there are limitations to the size of the public who can attract in the case imposed a tariff on content to consumers. Research Methodology Advertising researches are special type of studies which are specialized form of marketing researches; they aim to improve the efficiency of the advertising according to the market trends. These researches are focusing on a specific advertisements or campaigns, or may be directed at a more general understanding of how advertising works or how consumers use the information in advertising. There are different types of advertising researches, such as customized advertising and syndicated advertising; the first one is conducted for specific clients to address the client needs. The second type of researches is single research study conducted by a research company with its results available, for sale, to multiple companies. Before the advertising researches, the media used for advertising such as radio, TV, print, outdoor billboards, or Internet, these methods would apply to gather the required information for testing the benefits of the advertising before starting advertise. The focus is on what the advertising will do for the product or the service and the increase of revenues from advertising for the print press. In our research about the advertising and its effects for the print press industry, we are going to follow several methods of data gathering and analyzing, all the information related to the advertising and the print press industry, which will lead us to the desired results and approaches form the study. The essential facts her are that we have an important role for the advertising to refresh the market and increase the sales for specific products or services, the size of the advertising is effective element for the revenues of the print press for these advertising. There are many different ways to perform the advertising researches, most the organizations are using one or more of the several basics of the advertising researches or methods of advertising, such as: Surveysà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ With questionnaires and concise, we can analyses the groups that represent the target area in the market. When increasing the size of the sample of questionnaire, the results of the questionnaire will be dependable. The surveys are working very fine for the researches and studies, which make it a powerful tool in the advertising methodology. Focus Groupà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It is a moderated method using the scripted series of questions or topics which lead to discussing among a group of people. It is usually lasts one or two hours and it takes at least three groups to get balanced results. Personal Interviewsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Similar to the focus group, but include the unstructured questions, and usually last for about an hour. Its a valuable insight to customers attitudes and excellent way to uncover the issues related to advertising and new products or services development. Observation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The individual response to surveys and focus groups are sometimes at the actual behavior of customers everywhere. We observe the actions and reactions by several methods to give more accurate picture of customers usage habits and shopping patterns. Questionnaire Successful newspapers measure the profitability of their advertising, territories, customer groups, and segments. This information helps management determine whether any products or advertising activities should be expanded, reduced, or eliminated. The first step in marketing-profitability analysis is to identify the functional expenses such as advertising and delivery, incurred for each activity. Next, the newspapers measure how much functional expense was associated with advertising through the advertising campaign. Third, the newspapers prepare a profit-and-loss statement for each type of advertising. Print Press and Media organizations can follow the tracks consumer shift focus to new flows of income resulting from the readers rather than to produce for marketers. But these challenges even greater, readers pay to meet the content difficult to find elsewhere, and which is difficult to imitate or copy. It has bypassed some of the publications of consumer reluctance of consumers through the development of credibility by a unique research cannot be found elsewhere on the Internet. The media organizations also find new ways to configure a particular brand as centers addressed by the community or data, and impose the cost of meeting additional benefits save people time and contribute to building their networks and social identity. Questionnaire is one of the cheapest ways to collect data on a particular topic by a very large segment of people and through this data, you can do an analytical study on that subject. It is important to know that the effort to get the strong design of the questionnaire questions on the place and the size and shape to take it out inevitably give data that could be utilized to make a particular decision on the subject to be studied. It is important to develop a questionnaire to the definition of phases, beginning with the things that will be tested and ends extraction results. Each stage must be designed very carefully because the final result depends on the interdependence of all stages, although that way all the data through the questionnaire is the cheapest way, but it can be expensive in terms of design and the extraction results. Questionnaire Factors: Determine the targets of the questionnaire. Written questionnaire. Surely we will not get required results if there is no clear goal and a specific work of the questionnaire, the more difficult goal or purpose is not clear where a waste of time participants and wasting the resources of the owners of that questionnaire. For example: Suppose that there is a program for computer and there is a problem in use by multiple users and resolve this problem have been identified target, (identify points of dissatisfaction with the user interface program and how it affects negatively on its performance). We might think that this really is the goal, but in fact not the case. The duty of the questionnaire designed to determine precisely what is meant by non-user satisfaction Is it to learn the program or in the strength and performance of the program or the difficulty of learning the program and whether it is important to the user quickly learn the program, also must determine what is meant by performance the program. The questionnaire is designed to clear, we must be very careful in defining the target and floating to general things might be understood in several aims, objectives and summary of the tower will, if we find it difficult to write a questionnaire, remember that we did not take sufficient time in defining the objectives of the questionnaire. Questionnaire: Name: Age: Nationality: Income: Job Title: Address: Favorite Newspaper: Magazines: Reading times: Purchasing: Attractive Ads: Interests in Ads: Important Ads: The advertising questionnaire is not easy to start, but with random groups in the society, we got some results to help us evaluating the importance of ads for people, these results could be summarized as: 95% of readers are not looking for advertising. 70% are interested in advertising. 40% are actual customers for advertising products and services. 90% are attracted to the colors and design of advertising. 30% are attracted by the contents. Analyzing and Interpretation of Data The results of advertising are not encouraging for the advertising itself, but the importance of advertising is deniable for all organizations, no one will know about any organization or services without advertising or announcing, from here we find the importance of advertising itself. Only the print press advertising became very shortly used and sometimes not effective for the investors. For the Print Press newspapers and magazines it is a very important source of income, and in the UAE market there more than one newspaper based on advertising, which make this industry very profitable and include a high range of income for the newspaper or the magazine. A recession can take place lasting change in the environment and the media, with the emergence of increasing pressure on newspapers and magazines. Decreased in the total advertising revenue in the year 2008, was recorded in newspapers, magazines and consumer publications for institutions of a decline in print ads more than two to three times. According to a study by Booz Company, thanks to the bold steps taken to promote innovation and efficient management of more aggressive cost on the basis of the success of new strategies, media organizations may be able to prepare a better future. Advertising agencies is administered by the advertising expenditure for the big advertisers usually. So, form a strategic relationship between advertising agencies and print media, such as TV channels, is considered a sine qua non of any means but this does not prevent the TV channel to organize visits to some identifiable potential advertisers to introduce them to the canal and nature of the audience and that does not hold any advertising agreements only with the advertiser through the ad agency, and can be made of those visits in coordination with the agencys ad spender do not forget that there are some spenders who want to deal with the advertising means directly, and these could be targeted through the channel directly. With the global crisis had entered a tunnel to free press, the crisis and closed dozens of them in Europe with fierce competition and rising costs for distribution of homes and declining advertising revenue, with The New York Times report to fall by more than one-third in the early months of 2009, compared to last year, prompting the majority of these newspapers to reduce the number of employees is clearly to control costs and balance of income and some of which is to ensure the superiority and control through their monopoly contracts to ensure the distribution of the newspaper not to compete in some public areas, for example, newspaper Metro which has a monopoly of distribution in the subway in London, which gives it a significant advantage to advertisers and reached the monopoly as a result of a contract signed with the supervisor of the subway, and the paper fears losing its monopoly contract with the end of next year, and newspapers seeking competition to get the deal attractive and profitable, which means that free newspapers are paid to monopolize the distribution in some important sites of density of human permanent, a type of expenses and costs it cannot support a free press, but with large advertising revenue and has from the outset as a strong entity in the market transactions. Does not deny that major news organizations in the world seeks through information services, the broad sense to make more of the extra revenue and complementary services, particularly the print press is not a printer of books and information services and press services for the sale of diverse press kit for the participants, diversity and excellence, credibility and depth, which newspapers offer European and American major, and was provided by the expansion of the Al-Ahram Arabic press in prior years ago. With the Internet age, the e-press services and other value-driven can become an important income for publishers releases provided they need Internet browser with high quality and very distinguished and diverse specialization in the form of news is interesting and attractive. In the light of the high cost of editorial quality and excellence and financial requirements in the form of large fixed costs and expenses in progress, the waiver of the press free from 15% to 20% of total revenues represented by the income distribution as a result of lack of interest in article releases and non-remittance of available and presented to the reader levels and high rates and high in light of the predominance of advertising material and clout, this kind of newspapers make a reduction in expenses and issuance costs more than the value distribution of income by the cost of editorial distinct rise inevitably and of necessity for the investigator from the sale proceeds are paid in case of traditional printed newspapers, This means that the decision to sell free of charge in the beginning and the end reflects the economic and financial accounts for the quality of new and updated list of the press on the concept of a new focus primarily on the advertising material which occupies the interface and the first priority and with the press material back to second and third, which means that there is a new industry was prioritize and re-arrange their sources of income and revenues, and also re-select the services and the quality of the target readers and the nature of influence, and thus contact printed advertising message aimed at focusing on the promotion and advertising and promotional goods and services rather than the promotion of ideas and press services of various kinds and forms, which fall under the industry opinion and conscience of the world. And even avoid publishing press crises and obstacles and avoid falling into the dark tunnel of indebtedness, the awareness and understanding the limits of economic and financial relationship between advertising revenue and the number of pages of the newspaper and also their relationship to the number of copies printed must be completely clear in the minds of managers and editing, and indicators show that the standard financial and economic mainstream press to the success of the paper and not stumble and ensure the realization of revenue and profit for the appropriate activity requires that a material ad rates estimates ranging between 25% minimum and a maximum of 40% of the total material printed in emergency situations of need, which means that the press material about 60% on average year to ensure balance and ensure the rights of the reader and provide a press release that variety and sometimes can be as high advertising material to at most 45% of the total printed material. And sets it in the end the newspaper ads pricing paper also determines the efficiency of the ad and its failure or success which are not only relate to access to the declarations and dissemination, but also linked and closely associated with success in the collection of ad revenue on a regular basis and without delay, while ensuring a minimum level of bad debt ad uncollected by the fact that the basic rule in advertising is the prompt payment, and the payment deadline must be the exception to the rule, even in large scale advertising campaigns and extended periods of time, the legal control of the financial rights of uncollected immediate should be the object of attention and scrutiny when agreeing to contracts with advertising campaigns to ensure letters of bank guarantees in the conditions of customers who Aidfon full value advertising directly. The same applies to set discounts for older customers, the exaggerated and left outside the scope of controls cause the loss of an important aspect of advertising revenue, and requires complete control and control the outcome of the advertising material as the main outcome of the financing costs and expenses of publishi

Human Factors Issues of Glare :: Optometry Vision Glare Essays

Human Factors Issues of Glare The problem of glare affects all individuals. Although it is usually only a fleeting annoyance, glare can have grave consequences. For instance, problems caused by glare from computer screens account for 10 million optometrist examinations per year (Berman, 1998). There are two types of glare: discomfort glare and disability glare. The types of glare are distinguished by their origin. Discomfort glare comes from an external source; it is the physical sensation one experiences in the presence of a light source that is too bright. An example of discomfort glare is the experience of stepping outside on a bright day just after leaving a dark movie theater. Surfaces such as snow and sidewalks can cause discomfort glare (Ludt, 1997). Discomfort glare affects everyone. Disability glare, however, has an internal source. It is intrinsic to the individual due to aging or disease. Disability glare refers to intraocular scattering of light that interferes with normal visual functioning by decrea sing image contrast on the retina. These individuals have a debilitating sensitivity to high levels of illumination. Streetlamps, floodlights, and the sun are examples of everyday encounters that can induce, and require recovery time from, disability glare. The pervasive and insidious nature of glare demands additional research. This paper examines discomfort glare, disability glare, the reasons why they warrant further research, and the direction of this research. Because discomfort glare refers to reflection sources in the field of vision, the most simple way to guard against discomfort glare is to modify the environment. Some of the sources of discomfort glare are the sun, unshielded streetlamps, floodlights, computer screens, and parabolic luminaires. When the sun is low on the horizon, early in the morning and at dusk, discomfort glare peaks because the sunà ­s illumination is much brighter than other objects and these objects become difficult to see. (Ludt, 1997). Protective gear may be sufficient to counteract the overhead rays of the sun in between dusk and dawn. A remedy for discomfort glare caused by the sun is simply to wear a visor while outdoors. A brim that extends 3 inches forward should block light from entering the pupil. Sunglasses with yellow, orange, or red tinted lenses may decrease discomfort glare (Ludt, 1997). Unshielded streetlamps, or semi-cutoff luminaires, fail to make streets safer because their high-wattage bulbs shine light throughout the entire surrounding area. Full cutoff optics are a less bright and ultimately safer alternative.

Physical and Technological resources Essay

These are the resources that the business needs to maintain in order to carry out its activities and it includes things like the buildings, facilities, plant and machinery. Management of physical resources involves planning maintenance and refurbishment and it includes organizing insurance and security to keep those resources safe. For JCC there are different types of physical resources however the main ones are as follows: * College premises and facilities: any business will need to have premises from where it can operate for JCC it’s the college it self which they operate by providing facilities to the students. The premises should be aesthetically pleasing in order to attract customers however for JCC if the premises are pleasing then more students would likely to come and study at JCC. * Materials and waste: The materials that are needed by a business will very much depend on the type of operation it is running and the individual people working there. A car-making factory will need access to steel, paint, plastics, etc. to be able to make cars. However for JCC they will need teachers to teach the students otherwise they would not be able to educate the students. For JCC the materials they use are paper, stationery and printing inks etc while the waste are printer cartridges, plastics , laptops as when they dispose them off. They manage the waste as follows: the computer equipment they can’t just throw throw them or give it to someone because its registered in the college name in this case they dispose computer equipment to a company called WE which deals with the waste and this charges them à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10 per item in order to dispose them safely. * Plant and machinery: Like materials and buildings, each business has specific requirements for the type of plant and machinery that it might need. JCC spends large amount of money to purchase the machinery such as projectors, televisions, video machines, computers, table and chairs and many more as without the resources they would not be able to meet the objectives. * Equipment including IT: Equipment is essential for a business to operate smoothly. For example, the teacher is unable to work effectively without a board marker or access to the registrar to check the who is present. Equipment is very vital for JCC such as computers, projectors and printers in order to work efficiently. * Planned maintenance and refurbishment: All buildings, plant and machinery require regular maintenance and updating. Even factories that work using flow production 24 hours a day have to allow time to check that machines are working properly and make minor adjustments to them if necessary. If this maintenance does not take place machines may break down, stopping production and leading to a loss of profits. Building maintenance such as regular cleaning and painting, is also needed to keep buildings in good order, clean and safe. JCC do regular maintenance with the equipment such as computers every summer holidays to ensure everything is working properly. They also paint the building every summer holidays if needed. * Emergency provision: The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 requires organizations to draw up policies and provisions for what should happen in the event of an emergency within a building. This means for JCC they have to change their resources such as the building since the law of disability act came in force they had to install lifts and the ramp in order to cater for disable students. * Insurance: All buildings owned or leased by businesses must have insurance. If the business owns the building it will arrange this cover itself but if the building is leased it is often arranged with the landlord. A fee is paid each month and then protection is given to the business in the event that something happens to or within the building such as floods, fire, and damage to any equipments etc. For JCC they need to insure the building is insured as it will need if any thing happened in the college then the insurance will pay for any claims. * Security: The building must be made secure and looked after, even when employees have gone home. Some businesses will employ full-time security staff to do this and they patrol the building, sometimes using dogs to help them. Other organizations will use security cameras and alarms which are linked to police stations. JCC use a full time security site manager who is responsible for the security of JCC as he monitors via the use of CCTV cameras. Technological Resources Technological resources are more than just equipment. Computer hardware, such as a modem and monitor, is a physical resource and is treated as such. Technological resources in this instance are things like software, music or text. These resources are owned, like physical resources, and have to be managed in the same way. Technological resources can be considered in four main areas: intellectual property, accumulated experience and skill, software licensing and patents and copyright. * Intellectual Property: These are the rights allow people to own ideas and have rights concerning what happens to these ideas, including how often they are used, what they are associated with and if they have permission to be copied. There are considered to be five different types of intellectual property: designs, drawings, text, music and video. This shows us that JCC have to have copy right laws to be followed other wise they can be fined and sued if the breach the law. JCC logo has been copyright protected as no one can copy their logo. * Accumulated Experience and Skill: This means experience gained over a number of years when a person has come across lots of different issues to do with the job. This can mean it protects the business by keeping people in their jobs – so that the level of experience in the business can grow. Experienced employees are more likely to be able to do a good job in an organization and should be managed carefully. Sometimes this might mean paying people more or giving them special conditions. For JCC they have to manage this as the teachers get experienced and the work gets more faster and more accurate, for instance the head of the business department would be responsible of registering students every year and have to meet deadlines as this case would be the teacher will be experienced and unlikely to make mistakes however if another new staff comes in and the experienced teacher goes out of JCC then problems might arise and the work might be done slowly. JCC have to maintain this in order to run the organization smoothly. * Software licenses: Many businesses invest a lot of money into software and its use within the working day. Sometimes bespoke software will be designed for a business or they will use someone else’s software and play a license fee to use it. As any software e.g. Microsoft word you have to pay a license fee to the Microsoft however when we individual buy the software the license fee is already included unlikely for large business organization where they purchase one software and use in more than one computer in which they have to pay extra fee for the license. JCC they have to pay for the license for the use of different software they use, if they not pay the license fee they can be fined as breaking the law. They have to make sure they have purchased the license. * Patents and Copyright: It can be difficult and costly for businesses to protect technological resources. Legislation can help to prove if someone has taken your idea and used it. Patents and copyright are two areas of intellectual property law. Patents- protection for inventions or new and improved products that can be made by industry while Copyright- protects the use of literary or artistic material. This includes songs, software, multimedia and films. For JCC they have to have a copyright logo in order to protect their logo not to be used by others, they have to pay a fee for this copyright protection. While they have to patent their website in order for not others using their ideas and design.

‘Night of the scorpion’ (page 9) Essay

Question: compare the ways people are presented in the ‘Night of the scorpion’ (page 9) with the ways people are presented in one other poem of your choice from the poems form different cultures, * Who the people are * What you find out about the people * Similarities between the methods the poet use to present the people * Differences between the methods the poets use to present the people * What you think about the people and how they are presented. People are at the central of some poems as some of the poets are interested with the society and the attitudes towards the people on how they treat each other. On the other hand, sometimes people live completely different lifestyles from one and another. Others are interested in the people who are on their own and get on things individually. As you can see, that in the anthology of the poems from different cultures, people are presented in many different ways. The local people in ‘Night of the scorpion’ believe in reincarnation as its set in a Hindu community. Though the child is scared and confused by the religious response due to his mother’s sting from the scorpion. In contrast ‘Island man’ describes how an immigrant in London reacts to his environment as he dreams of his Caribbean home. ‘Night of the scorpion’ uses structure to show the sense of panic in the villagers’ reactions. Its two stanzas long the first stanza with 45 lines and the second stanza with only 3 lines. The final three lines are separated from the rest of the poem as it’s about the mother’s calm unselfish reaction. It’s separate because it’s a clear contrast to the panic in the first stanza of the poem. ‘Island man’ uses structure to show the confused thoughts of the awaked man. There is no punctuation the line lengths vary and some phrases are misplaced, just like this individual line is, ‘He always comes back groggily groggily’. The poetic devises used in he poems differ to show the different ways people are presented. ‘Night of the scorpion’ is written in the first person, which is from the Childs point of view, but he’s an outsider throughout the poem and he can’t affect anything. There is a simile used as well, ‘the peasants came like swarms of flies and buzzed the name of God hundred times’. The simile makes the villagers seem really panicked. Also there is the use of repetition of the word ‘may’ as it makes it sound like a prayer, but when having the same word at start of so many lines makes this reaction seem repetitive and unthinking. ‘They said’ is also repeated at the end of many lines. In contrast, the poetic devises used in ‘Island man’ are limited. As it shows the confusion of that the character is going through. The reader gets a series of contrasting images for example ‘the sound of the blue surf’ of the Caribbean, which conflicts, with the ‘Grey metallic soar’ of London. The word ‘wombing’ suggests the sense the dream has on his ’emerald island’. Both poets show how the people feel in their different situations and give us their own view. The poet in ‘Night of the scorpion’ is frightened by what is happening but admits his mums courage. Though Ezekiel seems critical of religion, the ceremonial language and all that talk of the next life seems unhelpful and premature. The feelings revealed in ‘Island man’ obviously has fond memories of the Caribbean but represent his dull London. We can feel his depression as he ‘heaves himself’ to ‘Another London day’. Grace Nicholas has sympathy for this man as he feels the conflict of these two cultures. Finally, ‘Night of the scorpion’ has made me feel that believing in god could always be a solution to the problem also it has made me aware of the people around me who can help me in such difficulties I am struggling with. Though ‘Island man’ has made me aware of how it might feel to be trapped in a foreign country, which you are not too familiar with. Both poems have made me hope that in the future, if I am in trouble or I am home sick then I can count on the society who will always be there to support me.